CORE INSIGHTS

Classifying problems using strategic reasoning involves identifying key issues, stakeholders, and potential solutions within complex socio-political contexts. By employing strategic frameworks, decision-makers can prioritize resources and interventions to address pressing challenges effectively.

Applying ethical reasoning to decision-making processes requires consideration of moral principles, human rights, and social justice imperatives. Ethical dilemmas often arise in policy formulation and implementation, necessitating transparent deliberation and stakeholder engagement to ensure ethical accountability and legitimacy.

Analyzing policy implications through policy analysis entails assessing the intended and unintended consequences of proposed interventions on diverse populations and societal outcomes. Policy analysts employ empirical research, cost-benefit analysis, and stakeholder consultations to inform evidence-based policy recommendations and program evaluations.

Evaluating the impact of racial prejudice on public policy preferences reveals systemic biases and discriminatory practices embedded within political institutions and decision-making processes. Racialized narratives and ideologies shape policy agendas and resource allocations, perpetuating inequalities and marginalization of racial and ethnic minority groups.

Examining social movements targeting racial, ethnic, and gender inequality highlights collective mobilization efforts aimed at challenging systemic oppression and advocating for policy reforms. Social movements serve as catalysts for social change, amplifying marginalized voices and advancing intersectional approaches to justice and equity.

Exploring alternative programs and policies aimed at reducing racial/ethnic inequality, gender inequality, and sexuality inequality requires innovative strategies and inclusive policy frameworks. Intersectional approaches, community-based initiatives, and participatory governance models offer promising avenues for addressing structural barriers and promoting inclusive development.

In summary, addressing social inequalities and advancing social justice necessitates strategic problem-solving, ethical leadership, and evidence-informed policymaking. By interrogating power dynamics, amplifying marginalized voices, and advocating for inclusive policies, scholars and activists contribute to more equitable and just societies.

REFERENCES

Albanesius, Chloe. 2010. “Apple Buying Sony? Probably Not. PC Magazine.” PC Mag. Retrieved April 24, 2024 (https://www.pcmag.com/archive/apple-buying-sony-probably-not-256117).

Amenta, Edwin, Neal Caren, Elizabeth Chiarello, and Yang Su. 2010. “The Political Consequences of  Social Movements.” Annual Review of Sociology 36:287-307.

Anderson, James. 2015. Public Policymaking. Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.

Barajas, Joshua and Gretchen Frazee. 2015. “Which States are Saying no to Syrian Refugees?” Newshour, PBS. Retrieved April 24, 2024 (www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/u-s-governors-dont-have-power-to-refuse-refugees-access-to-their-states/).

Barkan, Steven E. 1985. Protesters on Trial: Criminal Prosecutions in the Southern Civil Rights and Vietnam Antiwar Movements. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Barkan, Steven E. and Steven F. Cohn. 2005. “Why Whites Favor Spending More Money to Fight Crime: The Role of Racial Prejudice.” Social Problems 52(2): 300–314.

Blewett, Lynn A., Pamela J. Johnson, P.J., and Annie L. Mach. 2010. “Immigrant Children’s Access to Health Care: Differences by Global Region of Birth.” Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 21(2): 13-31.

Blumer, Herbert. 1969. “Collective behavior. AM Lee, ed.” New Outline of the Principles of Sociology, 165–221.

Bon, Le Gustave. 1982. The Crowd a Study of the Popular Mind. Atlanta, GA: Cherokee Publishing Company.

Bowen, William G. and Derek Bok. 1998. The Shape of the River: Long-Term Consequences of Considering Race in College and University Admissions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Brabeck, Kalina, and Qingwen Xu. 2010. “The Impact of Detention and Deportation on Latino Immigrant Children and Families: A Quantitative Exploration.” Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 32(3): 341-361.

California Department of Justice (DOJ). 2012. “The State of Human Trafficking in California.” California Department of Justice. Retrieved April 30, 2024 (https://oag.ca.gov/sites/all/files/agweb/pdfs/ht/human-trafficking-2012.pdf).

Chilton, Adam S. 2014. “Influence of International Human Rights Agreements on Public Opinion.” The Chicago Journal of International Law 15(1): 110-137.

Cole, David. 2006. “The Idea of Humanity: Human Rights and Immigrants’ Rights.” Columbia Human Rights Law Review 37(3): 627-658.

Collier, Kevin and Cyrus Farivar. 2020. “The FBI Cracked Another iPhone But It’s Still Not Happy with Apple.” NBC News.

Connors, Paul, ed. 2009. Affirmative Action. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press.

Cook, Rebecca J., Bernard M. Dickens, and Mahmoud F. Fathalla. 2002. “Female Genital Cutting (mutilation/circumcision): Ethical and Legal Dimensions.” International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 79(3): 281-287.

Danziger, Sheldon, Deborah Reed and Tony N. Brown. 2004. Poverty and Prosperity: Prospects for Reducing Racial Economic Disparities in the United States. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.

Davies, James C. 1962. “Toward a Theory of Revolution.” American Sociological Review 5-19.

DHS. 2019. “DHS Fiscal Year 2019 Performance & Accountability Reports.” Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved April 30, 2024 (https://www.dhs.gov/publication/dhs-fiscal-year-2019-performance-accountability-reports).

Donnelly, Jack. 2003. Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Downes, Bryan T. 1968. “Social and Political Characteristics of Riot Cities: A Comparative Study.” Social Science Quarterly 504-520.

Earl, Jennifer. 2004. “The Cultural Consequences of Social Movements.” Pp. 508-530 in The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, edited by D. A. Snow, S. Soule, and H. Kriesi. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

Earl, Jennifer. 2006. “Introduction: Repression and the Social Control of Protest.” Mobilization: An International Quarterly 11(2): 129-143.

Feldberg, Michael. 1980. The Turbulent Era: Riot & Disorder in Jacksonian America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Gamson, William A. 1975. The Strategy of Social Protest. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Goode, Erich. 1992. Collective Behavior. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

Goode, Erich, and Nachman Ben-Yehuda. 2010. Moral Panics: The Social Construction of Deviance. John Wiley & Sons.

Goodwin, Jeff, James M. Jasper, and Francesca Polletta. 2004. “Emotional Dimensions of Social Movements.” Pp. 413-432 in The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, edited by D. A. Snow, S. A. Soule, and H. Kriesi. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

Giugni, Marco. 2008. “Political, Biographical, and Cultural Consequences of Social Movements.” Sociology Compass 2(5): 1582-1600.

Gurney, Joan Neff, and Kathleen J. Tierney. 1982. “Relative Deprivation and Social Movements: A Critical Look at Twenty Years of Theory and Research.” The Sociological Quarterly 23(1): 33-47.

Gurr, Ted R. 1989. “Protest and Rebellion in the 1960s: The United States in World Perspective.” Pp. 101-130 in Violence in America: Protest, Rebellion, Reform, edited by T. R. Gurr. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Gurr, Ted R. 1970. Why Men Rebel. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

International Council on Human Rights (ICHR). 2008. “Climate Change and Human Rights: A Rough Guide.” Retrieved April 30, 2024 (www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/ClimateChange/ Submissions/136_report.pdf).

International Labor Organization (ILO). 2019. “Statistics and Indicators on Forced Labor and Sex Trafficking.” Retrieved April 30, 2024 (https://www.academia.edu/63971110/Immigrant_and_ refugee_families_global_perspectives_on_displacement_and_resettlement_experiences).

Kanstroom, Daniel. 2010. Deportation Nation: Outsiders in American History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Klandermans, Bert, and Dirk Oegema. 1987. “Potentials, Networks, Motivations, and Barriers: Steps Towards Participation in Social Movements.” American Sociological Review 519-531.

Koser, Khalid. 2007. “Refugees, Transnationalism and the State.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 33(2): 233-254.

Kingdon, John. 1995. Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies. NY: Addison-Wesley.

Lau, Joe and Jonathan Chan. 2004-2024. Critical Thinking Web. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong.

Mahler, Sarah J. and Patricia R. Pessar. 2006. “Gender Matters: Ethnographers Bring Gender from the Periphery Toward the Core of Migration Studies.” International Migration Review 40(1): 27-63.

Martin, Kimberly, Keith E. Lee, Jr., and John Powell Hall. n.d. Public Policy: Origins, Practice, and Analysis. Dahlonega, Georgia: University of North Georgia Press.

Mather, Mark and Charlotte Feldman-Jacobs, C. 2015. “Women and Girls at Risk of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in the United States.” Population Reference Bureau. Retrieved April 23, 2024 (https://www.prb.org/resources/women-and-girls-at-risk-of-female-genital-mutilation-cutting-in-the-united-states/).

Matthews, Nancy A. 1989. “Surmounting a Legacy: The Expansion of Racial Diversity in a Local Anti-Rape Movement.” Gender & Society 3(4): 518–532.

McCarthy, John D., and Mayer N. Zald. 1977. “Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory.” American Journal of Sociology 82(6): 1212-1241.

McPhail, Clark. 1971. “Civil Disorder Participation: A Critical Examination of Recent Research.” American Sociological Review 1058-1073.

McPhail, Clark, and Ronald T. Wohlstein. 1983. “Individual and Collective Behaviors Within Gatherings, Demonstrations, and Riots.” Annual Review of Sociology 9(1): 579-600.

Meyer, David S. 2007. The Politics of Protest: Social Movements in America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Migration Policy Institute (MPI). 2015. “Refugees and Asylees in the United States.” Retrieved April 30, 2024 (www.migrationpolicy.org/article/refugees-and-asylees-united-states).

Milbank, Dana. 2011. “In a ‘Quiet Moment,’ Gay Judge Makes History.” The Washington Post. Retrieved April 30, 2024 (https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/in-a-quiet-moment-gay-judge-makes-history/2011/07/18/gIQAo7PhMI_story.html).

Miller, David L. 2000. Introduction to Collective Behavior and Collective Action. Springfield, IL: Waveland   Press.

Nelson, Barbara. 1984. Making an Issue of Child Abuse. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Nickerson, Angela, Richard A. Bryant, Robert Brooks, Zackary Steel, Derrick Silove, and Jack Chen. 2011. “The Familial Influence of Loss and Trauma on Refugee Mental Health: A Multilevel Path Analysis.” Journal of Traumatic Stress 24(1): 25–33.

Oberschall, Anthony. 1968. “The Los Angeles Riot of August 1965.” Social Problems 15(3): 322-341.

Oberschall, Anthony. 1973. Social Conflict and Social Movements. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). 1948. “The Universal Declaration of Human Rights.” Retrieved April 30, 2024 (www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_

Translations/eng.pdf).

Payne, Whitney. 2020. Human Behavior and the Social Environment II. Fayetteville, AR: University of Arkansas Libraries.

Perilla, Julia L. 1999. “Domestic Violence as a Human Rights Issue: The Case of Immigrant Latinos.” Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 21(2): 107-133.

Piven, Frances Fox. 2006. Challenging Authority: How Ordinary People Change America. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Piven, Frances Fox, and Richard Cloward. 2012. Poor People’s Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail. New York, NY: Vintage Books.

Polya, G. 1957. How To Solve It: A New Aspect of Mathematical Method. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, Inc.

Prasow, Andrea. 2012. “Indefinite Detention is Already Bad, Don’t Add Discrimination.” The Huffington Post. Retrieved April 30, 2024 (www.huffingtonpost.com/andrea-prasow/indefinite-detention-is-a_b_2214838.html).

Project Syndicate. 2015. “Aid in a World of Crisis.” Project Syndicate: The World’s Opinion Page. Retrieved April 30, 2024 (www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/refugee-crisis-humanitarian-aid-by-ant-nio-guterres-2015-01).

Quillian, Lincoln. 2006. “New Approaches to Understanding Racial Prejudice and Discrimination.” Annual Review of Sociology 32:299–328.

Randall, Melanie and Lori Haskell. 1995. “Sexual Violence in Women’s Lives: Findings from the Women’s Safety Project, a Community-Based Survey.” Violence Against Women 1(1): 6–31.

Reskin, Barbara F. 1998. “Realities of Affirmative Action in Employment.” American Sociological Association.

Rosenfeld, Michael J. 1997. “Celebration, Politics, Selective Looting and Riots: A Micro Level Study of the Bulls Riot of 1992 in Chicago.” Social Problems 44(4): 483-502.

Rosenhall, L. 2010. “Education Protests on Tap this Week in California.” The Sacramento Bee, p. 1A.

Rubenstein, Richard E. 1970. “Rebels in Eden Mass Political Violence in the United States.”

Rule, James B. 1989. Theories of Civil Violence. University of California Press.

Smelser, Neil J. 1963. Theory of Collective Behavior. New York, NY: Free Press.

Snow, David A. and Pamela E. Oliver. 1995. “Social movements and collective behavior: Social Psychological Dimensions and Considerations.” Pp. 571-599 in Sociological Perspectives on Social Psychology, edited by K. S. Cook, G. A. Fine, and J. S. House. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

Snow, David A., and Sarah A. Soule. 2010. A Primer on Social Movements. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.

Stange, Mary Zeiss, Carol K. Osyer, and Jane E. Sloan. 2012. “Refugee Women.” Encyclopedia of Women in Today’s World. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Stefoff, Rebecca. 2005. The Bakke Case: Challenging Affirmative Action. New York, NY: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark.

Syme, S. Leonard. 2008. “Reducing Racial and Social-Class Inequalities in Health: The Need for a New Approach.” Health Affairs 27(2):456–459;

Tilly, Charles. 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Turner, Ralph H., and Lewis M. Killian. 1957. Collective Behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Walsh, Rachael. 2011. “Helping or Hurting: Are Adolescent Intervention Programs Minimizing Racial Inequality?” Education & Urban Society 43(3):370–395.

Waskow, Arthur I. 1967. From Race Riot to Sit-in: 1919 and the 1960s. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). 2006. “The State of the World’s Refugees 2006: Human Displacement in the New Millennium.” Retrieved April 30, 2024 (https://www.unhcr.org/us/publications/state-worlds-refugees-2006-human-displacement-new-millennium).

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). 2013. “War’s Human Cost: UNHCR Global Trends 2013.” Retrieved April 30, 2024 (www.unhcr.org/5399a14f9.html).

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). 2018. “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2018.” Retrieved April 30, 2024 (https://reliefweb.int/report/world/unhcr-global-trends-forced-displacement-2018-0#:~:text=Large%20numbers%20of%20people%20were,remained%20in%20their%20own%20countries.).

United Nations. 1948. “Universal Declaration of Human Rights.” Retrieved April 30, 2024 (http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/).

United Nations. (n.d.). “Family.” Retrieved April 23, 2024 (https://www.un.org/development/desa/family/issues.html).

United Nations. (n.d.). “Protect Human Rights.” Retrieved April 30, 2024 (https://www.un.org/en/our-work/protect-human-rights).

United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). 2015. “Lesson plan overview: Female asylum applicants and gender-related claims. Asylum Officer Basic Training.” Retrieved April 30, 2024 (https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/lesson-plans/Asylum_and_Female_Genital_Mutilation.pdf).

United States Department of Justice (DOJ). 2014. “FY 2013 Statistics Yearbook.” Retrieved April 30, 2024 (https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1107056/download).

United States Department of State (DOS). 2012. “Trafficking in Persons Report 2012.” Retrieved April 30, 2024 (www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2012/192368.htm).

United States Department of State (DOS). 2015. “Myths and Facts: Resettling Syrian Refugees. Press  Release November 2015.” Retrieved April 30, 2024 (https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2015/11/250005.htm).

United States Department of State (DOS). 2018. “Proposed refugee admissions for fiscal year 2019: Report to the congress.” Retrieved April 30, 2024 (https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Proposed-Refugee-Admissions-for-Fiscal-Year-2019.pdf).

United States Department of State (DOS). 2019. “Trafficking in persons report.” Retrieved April 30, 2024 (https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/2019-Trafficking-in-Persons-Report.pdf).

University of Minnesota Libraries. 2016. Social Problems: Continuity and Change. Minneapolis, MN:  University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing.

Unnever, James D. and Francis T. Cullen. 2010. “The Social Sources of Americans’ Punitiveness: A Test of Three Competing Models.” Criminology 48(1): 99–129.

World Health Organization. 2024a. “Refugee and Migrant Health.” Retrieved April 30, 2024 (https://www.who.int/health-topics/refugee-and-migrant-health#tab=tab_1).

World Health Organization. 2024b. “Classification of female genital mutilation. Sexual and Reproductive Health.” Retrieved April 30, 2024 (https://www.who.int/teams/sexual-and-reproductive-health-and-research-(srh)/areas-of-work/female-genital-mutilation/types-of-female-genital-mutilation).